Parents: What you need to know about meningitis

College student Jamie Schanbaum was studying at the University of Texas at Austin, just 19 years old, when she was rushed to the hospital with severe symptoms that seemed related to asthma or the flu.

Two days later, Jamie and her family were stunned to learn she had contracted meningococcal disease, a serious, life-threatening illness. Meningococcal bacteria can infiltrate the brain and spinal cord, known as meningitis, or the blood, causing septicemia. People can carry the bacteria in their nose or throat without being aware of it and spread it to others. Jamie 'caught' the bacteria and developed septicemia.

While Jamie fortunately survived, her life would not be the same. Her legs and fingers needed to be amputated due to the infection. But her strength and determination have caused her to become an effective advocate for meningitis awareness, and after two years of walking on prosthetics, Jamie joined the USA Paralympic Cycling team in 2011.

"Jamie is making a difference for others every day," said her mother, Patsy Schanbaum, "including inspiring the founding of the J.A.M.I.E. Group, a nonprofit organization that raises meningitis awareness and educates people about the importance of prevention through vaccination. We work with many other meningitis groups, often started by families impacted by this horrible disease, to help save lives."

The J.A.M.I.E. Group has also worked to pass legislation requiring meningitis vaccination for college students, who are at higher risk for meningitis.

What is meningitis?

Meningitis is a devastating and debilitating infection that can affect anyone, anywhere, at any time. Those at higher risk of meningococcal infection include young children, adolescents, older adults, people living with chronic and immunocompromising conditions (such as HIV) and those living in close quarters — including college students and military recruits.

Bacterial meningitis is the most common type of meningitis. Even with prompt diagnosis and treatment, death and brain damage in survivors are common outcomes. Most cases of bacterial meningitis are caused by three different bacteria: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Pneumococcus (Pnc) and Meningococcus.

Meningococcal disease is transmitted person-to-person, through droplets of secretions from people who are carriers. Carriers are healthy people who have meningococcus in their nose and throat. Transmission is also through contact with contaminated items such as utensils and living in close quarters with a carrier.

Symptoms of meningococcal disease may begin like influenza (the flu), but can worsen rapidly to include fever, severe headache, stiff neck and a skin rash.

Approximately 10-20 percent of people with bacterial meningitis will die within 24-48 hours after onset of symptoms, and 10-30 percent of people will sustain permanent damage and disability, leading to life-changing events including brain injury, depression, hearing loss and/or limb loss.

The good news: Meningitis is preventable

Vaccination has been shown to be highly effective in reducing the risk of illness and disease transmission, which is especially crucial during the winter months when more people are spending time together indoors and many different viruses are spreading.

Routine use of vaccines in infants and children against Hib, Pnc and the common groups of meningococcus that cause the majority of illness have been very successful in preventing disease. The CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends routine administration of a single dose of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine against serogroups A, C, Y and W to children 11 or 12 years of age, with a booster dose at age 16. Meningococcal B vaccination is available to all adolescents and young adults (ages 16-23).

Vaccine protection can decrease within five years following vaccination, so getting vaccinated at the recommended times maintains your protection and reduces the risk of illness and disease transmission.

Prevention is power. Talk to your doctor about vaccination against meningococcal disease for you and your family members, especially those who may be at higher risk. Visit MeningitisAwareness.org to learn more.